A capacitação de espermatozóides é um processo que ocorre de forma natural nos espermatozóides e que lhes permite ter a capacidade de fertilizar o óvulo.
Assim que o espermatozóide é ejaculado é incapaz de penetrar a espessa membrana do óvulo e necessita sofrer uma serie de alterações estruturais. Essas alterações ocorrem no interior do aparelho reprodutivo feminino.
Nos tratamentos de reprodução assistida que requerem a capacitação dos espermatozóides, como é o caso da inseminação artificial e da FIV, a capacitação pode ser feita em laboratório.
A capacitação pode, também, ser utilizada no âmbito de um diagnóstico da capacidade dos espermatozóides fertilizarem o óvulo.
Para que a capacitação dos espermatozóides possas ser feita é necessário processar uma amostra de sémen em laboratório através de técnicas como a swim-up e os gradientes de densidade.
Os espermatozóides separam-se do líquido seminal e são agrupados em função da sua mobilidade e morfologia. Assim, é possível escolher apenas os espermatozóides aptos para a fertilização.
Os resultados da capacitação são apresentados em termos da quantidade de espermatozóides moveis e com trajectórias rectilíneas por milímetro de sémen ejaculado. Isto é conhecido como contagem de espermatozóides móveis.
Contagem de espermatozóides móveis
A partir dos resultados obtidos pelo espermograma e pela capacitação dos espermatozóides é feito um diagnóstico e uma técnica de reprodução assistida é aconselhada da seguinte forma:
- No caso de uma contagem superior a 3 milhões de espermatozóides móveis por ml de sémen deve-se recorrer à inseminação artificial.
- No caso de uma contagem superior a 1 milhão de espermatozóides móveis por ml de sémen mas inferior a 3 milhões deve-se optar por uma fertilização in vitro convencional.
- No caso de uma contagem inferior a 1 milhão de espermatozóides móveis por ml de sémen, uma microinjecção intracitoplásmica de espermatozóides é aconselhada (ICSI).
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